Post by Hooligan on May 16, 2010 18:28:26 GMT -6
Hello again students —
In the previous lecture, we covered the present tense conjugations; in this lecture we'll tackle the past and future tenses.
PART 1: THE INDICATIVE PAST TENSE
tignovás ("you had")
tignova ("he/she/it had")
tignovent ("we/they had")
tignovetz ("y'all had")[/td][/tr]
[/table][/center][/blockquote]PART 2: THE INDICATIVE FUTURE TENSE
In the previous lecture, we covered the present tense conjugations; in this lecture we'll tackle the past and future tenses.
PART 1: THE INDICATIVE PAST TENSE
Just as with the present-tense conjugations discussed in the previous lecture, there are simple rules to conjugate verbs into the past tense. You will use past-tense verb conjugations whenever you want to talk about something that was formerly true or had happened. For example, the English phrase "I loved baseball" includes the past tense form of the verb "to love".[/td][td]tignoveu ("I had")
Conjugation of Regular Verbs
As you recall, the infinitive form of most Talossan verbs ends with the letters -arh. To form the past-tense conjugations, that ending is replaced by one of the endings shown in the table below. The Talossan verb amarh ("to love") is used for the examples.
ameveu (I loved) amevás (you loved) ameva (he/she/it loved) amevent (we/they loved) amevetz (y'all loved)
These simple word-ending changes apply to all Talossan verbs except those that are listed in the next section, which have irregular past-tense conjugations.
Notice that the form for the "I" subject is not -evéu; it is -eveu, without an accent on the e.
Just as with the present tense, if the infinitive form of a verb ends with -carh, then the letter h is introduced into the past-tense endings, to preserve the hard pronunciation of the letter c. For example, the verb pecarh (= to sin) has the forms pecheveu (= I sinned), pechevás (= you sinned), pecheva (= he/she/it sinned), pechevent (= we/they sinned), pechevetz (= y'all sinned).
As in English, verbs can appear in present tense form in statements that concern the past. For example, you may hear an English sentence such as "So yesterday, I go to the doctor and he tells me I should exercise more" — although the verbs in the sentence are expressed in present tense, the sentence is obviously in the past tense, due to the specified time frame. This same thing can be done in Talossan: sa ieiri, véu àl medico, es o me zía qe éu fost palaistrarh pü.
Irregular Past-Tense Verbs
Eight Talossan verbs have irregular past-tense conjugations. Those verbs are listed below and these exceptions simply need to be memorised:
creavéu ("I created")
creavás ("you created")
creava ("he/she/it created")
creavent ("we/they created")
creavetz ("y'all created")crevéu ("I believed")
crevas ("you believed")
creva ("he/she/it believed")
crevent ("we/they believed")
crevetz ("y'all believed")
(esteveu, estevás, esteva,
estevent, and estevetz)
are used, but the irregular forms
füvent ("we/they/y'all were")are also commonly used,
especially following vowels.
"to come/go")
and
viénarh (the propespective and
retrospective aspect auxiliary)
Conjugate as if venarhveneveu ("I came/went/was about to/just did")
venevás ("you came/went/were about to/just did")
veneva ("he/she/it came/went/were about to/just did")
venevent ("we/they came/went/were about to/just did")
venevetz ("y'all came/went/were about to/just did")
Conjugate as if mortarhmortevéu ("I died")
mortevás ("you died")
morteva ("he/she/it died")
mortevent ("we/they died")
mortevetz ("y'all died")
Conjugate as if pognarhpogneveu ("I was able to")
pognevás ("you were able to")
pogneva ("he/she/it was able to")
pognevent ("we/they were able to")
pognevetz ("y'all were able to")
Conjugate as if scrivarhscriveveu ("I wrote")
scrivevás ("you wrote")
scriveva ("he/she/it wrote")
scrivevent ("we/they wrote")
scrivevetz ("y'all wrote")
tignovás ("you had")
tignova ("he/she/it had")
tignovent ("we/they had")
tignovetz ("y'all had")[/td][/tr]
[/table][/center][/blockquote]PART 2: THE INDICATIVE FUTURE TENSE
The future tense conjugations are also simple changes to the infinitive -arh verb ending. You will use future tense verb conjugations whenever you want to talk about something that will be true or will happen. For example, the English phrase "I will love baseball" includes the future tense form of the verb "to love".As always, I am available to answer questions about this lecture if anyone has any.
Conjugation of Regular Verbs
To form the future-tense conjugations, the infinitive ending -arh is replaced by one of the endings shown in the table below. The future tense conjugations are identical to the present-tense conjugations except that instead of replacing the -arh ending, they are added to the end of the -arh. The Talossan verb amarh ("to love") is used for the examples.
amarhéu (I will love) amarhás (you will love) amarha (he/she/it will love) amarhent (we/they will love) amarhetz (y'all will love)
These simple word-ending changes apply to all Talossan verbs except those that are listed in the next section, which have irregular future-tense conjugations.
Irregular Future-Tense Verbs
Six Talossan verbs have irregular future-tense conjugations. Those verbs are listed below and these exceptions simply need to be memorised:
seréu ("I will be")
serás ("you will be")
serà ("he/she/it will be")
serent ("we/they will be")
seretz ("y'all will be")
"to come/go")ischéu ("I will come/go")
ischás ("you will come/go")
ischà ("he/she/it will come/go")
ischent ("we/they will come/go")
ischetz ("y'all will come/go")säperéu ("I will know")
säperás ("you will know")
säperà ("he/she/it will know")
säperent ("we/they will know")
säperetz ("y'all will know")
Conjugate as if scrivarhscrivarhéu ("I will write")
scrivarhás ("you will write")
scrivarha ("he/she/it will write")
scrivarhent ("we/they will write")
scrivarhetz ("y'all will write")tischéu ("I will have")
tischás ("you will have")
tischà ("he/she/it will have")
tischent ("we/they will have")
tischetz ("y'all will have")
retrospective aspect auxiliary)
Conjugate as if venarhvenarhéu ("I will be about to/will have just")
venarhás ("you will be just about to/will have just")
venarha ("he/she/it will be just about to/will have just")
venarhent ("we/they will be just about to/will have just")
venarhetz ("y'all will be just about to/will have just")
Talossan also has a "prospective aspect" which had been classified by earlier grammars as an "alternative future tense". This aspect (akin to English going do or gonna) will be discussed later in the course but is worth noting here as its use can indeed infer the same sense as a future tense construction. For example, véu menxharh and façéu à menxharh (both = I am going to [gonna, will] eat).